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performance photovoltaic and solar yield

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What is ....
nasa images: http://www.nasaimages.org/

Right we see a Erdaufname - NASA Mars - Image - from 2004. The left globe shows the expected temperature. The right-infrared image shows the actual temperature. Particularly striking is the strong warming at the South Pole. Are responsible for this pollutant emissions from combustion of fossil fuels (oil, coal ...).

The "climate change" is the biggest environmental problem. The damage already incurred are sustainable. Even a reduction probably take generations. But developments are even still continues ...

A real alternative is the solar energy. Once can use the heat radiation, eg for water heating (thermosiphon), unlike photovoltaics, here is the solar energy is converted directly into electricity. Solar modules are made of silicon, the Prdoduktion is complex, the modules are therefore expensive. Newer modules (thin film) are much cheaper, but require significantly more area. The solar electricity is over electricity from conventional power plants are still very expensive. So it has begun in several countries in Europe to promote photovoltaic systems. One instrument is the promotion of solar power an attractive feed. There are, for example for grid systems in Spain, depending on the region grants (Comunidad Valencia = 40%), continuing public guarantees and subsidized loans. disadvantages are: the nature and amount of support varies from country to country. Grants are all limited in time closely and no one knows exactly how it goes then. The terms of tariffs, quotas, other conditions are constantly changing. The legal procedures are not transparent. Is mutated in Spain as the application procedure for field installations have a kind of roulette - game.
climate and photovoltaic - Proceeds from the English Mediterranean coast
Overview:

The "Recurso Solar" gives an overview of the status of "photovoltaic" in Spain: climate zones, feed, legal, political objectives, planning the development of solar energy and the current state of development of solar energy in European comparison. (To download the PDF document please click the Bannner left)
The English climate - conditions for PV - systems much cheaper than in Northern Europe. Also in Spain there are significant differences-north - south, inland - coastal, mountainous, plains. Today's technology with the expected annual yields vary here between 1200 kWh in the northwest and 2,000 kWh in southern Andalusia. In Mallorca, the yield in guen layers at 1,600 to 1,700 kWh ( more: photovoltaic and Mallorca - Tenerife we even reach over 2,400 kWh
Spain's regions 5 climatic zones has classified:

The cards give first a rough guide as to the expected yield. The zones are legally fixed , relevant in contracts eg network operators when it comes to forecast the FAD's future. then the basis for further planning and acceptance obligations.
It is only a rough division. Depending on local conditions can vary greatly, the actual income. So bring good records in zone 4 often more than unfavorable locations in zone 5 Mutxamel - near Alicante - which has a hill from morning until Thursday the clear sky, while the opposite mountain tops is always surrounded by side. Link to vollstaenndigen PDF - Document Download / http://elite-costaonline.de/dokumente/38199/documentos_EL_SOL_PUEDE_SER_SUYO_-FOTOVOLTAICA_ABRIL_08_b7aee400.pdf

The 3D graphics (left) shows the change in radiation during the day for jedeneinzelnen month in the fifth zone The graph for Germany is similar. Differences are / In northern latitudes, the radiation is at a lower level (The hill is flat). Benefits in Spain are that the differences between summer and winter are lower in summer the days are longer in the north, shorter in winter than in Spain. In Spain, half of the income in the winter months over the summer, in northern Germany, we have in the months of December and January, only a small exposure, with frequent cloud cover then almost no yield. Year / In southern Spain, the Yields more stable than in northern Germany / here we have fluctuations between years of of + / - 20%, 5% in the South. The monthly differences (month of January 2000/2001, etc.) are significantly higher in the north - especially in the winter months as in the south.

more / photovoltaic, North-South comparison (Malaga - Muensterland).
vollstaenndigen Link to PDF - Document (Download ) http://www.asif.org/index.php
http://elite-costa.es/dokumente/38199/Distribucion_horaria_irradiancia_solar_vzonas_CTEEsp . pdf

overview of selected places (Comunidad Valencia and Andalusia) ( The table is interactive in the Excel workbook available ). We have here some representative, familiar locations chosen - Velez and Jumilla are located in the province, but due to their exposed position and infrastructure investors very popular. From north to south, take the values of Wh / m in analogy to the latitude. In the heights of the mountain regions, the values are lower than on the coast. Reasons: temperature effect (in the mountains cooler) - reduced absorption of light "thin air" - on the water, however humid air - and in the mountains, the sun a few minutes early on and under later. Jumilla / site-900m above sea level here of all places has the best values.

It is PV-income by conservative estimates. Source: PVGIS Jumilla 900m sea level reached its highest value. The values on the Costa Blanca, depending on location - height - thermal, air pollution vary greatly. The data are from Eurepean Joint Reserach Center = this is it is the durchshcnittlichen yield data of individual communities (orientation of the modules to the south and optimum tilt, depending on the location and nature of the data can vary significantly up or under. It is forecast due to global satellite - data and the data are calculated using peptide complex mathematical models, the program is continuously updated - it is not, therefore, measured data. The system losses - line, inverter and heat losses were set quite high. Today's Wechsselrichter with cooling operate virtually without losses - thin film modules (CdTe) respond to temperature changes as significantly more moderate than monochristalline silicon cells.

United States Commission
(click to dierekt access please click the left banner) Joint Research Center

map: to activate your on the left image Click
The above program is an implementation of the EU official - Climate - Maps in Google Maps goolzOOm and goolgis . In google maps, you can look as his property and gets the corresponding associated climate information, such as PV - yield, temperature data, diffuse radiation, direct radiation, etc. For übrw iegenden part, these are projected to forecast - data. The results can be compared directly with data from Satel-lite.

special : Here we enter the address of our property. So that we can retrieve all relevant climate data, and graphically in figures - includes: data of the solar system: orientation, type of modules, system losses. The result is a forecast of earnings. Rating: cut compared with actual results, the most installed systems in some cases, did much better. -> PV Monitoring Source: European Commission Joint Research Center

Satel-lite - Meteosat-evaluations 1996-2000 links-Interactive Climate Map ( to activate click on the pictures.)
The 1st Map showing the annual horizontal irradiation in kWh, the accompanying map, the number of hours of sunshine per year
feature: You can also find the coordinates of its property type and data Call (sunshine hours, kWh, diffuse light, cloudy sky .. .). One gets then for the years 1996 to 2000 - half-hourly all the data in about 15 minutes by e-mail sent. - Notes : Huge amount of data, good graphics, but first you have to register ... this may take a few weeks ... You can directly retrieve data, but on our account. the account is also tied to our e-mail, so if you ave a hurry, please send a short message: info@elite-costa.com , we immediately forward the mail to you. Benefits: Detailed documentation (eg bank loans), detailed and suitable for scientific work.

PV - Performance
The main steps to calculate We have an Excel - angordnet workbook. These details and data sources are given on the appropriate column as a link. The starting point is the annual radiation in kWh at optimal orientation and tilt of the modules. Temperature losses are also depending on the cell type, ambient temperature, thermal, cooling, etc. The system is very sensitive to temperature - it makes quite a bit of example, if de-conditioning is on grass or bare rock! Other system losses are inverters - and line losses - losses. High losses occur especially when the entry point (Tansformator) is further away from the complex. More Fanktoren: shading by adjacent hills, Building, Plant or the facility itself deviations from the ideal orientation of a plant (south) continue to reduce the yield. The result is the injected current. Good systems today achieve a performance ratio of about 85%.
Notes on the use of the Table: The green fields are user selectable! Thus with the irradiation levels, inverter losses, line losses, shading individually-set - are more variable interest rate, cost of investment (land, units ...), current price, cost of maintenance. Fields calculations "refer to links to data sources, or special programs Everything else - opening balance sheet, profit and loss account, balance sheet plan, financial plan, rate of return, present value of pension ...- expects the table alone .
to Excel revision Journal: In picture left-click

cost calculations - Methods - Criteria - As return (return on equity) predominantly the internal rate of return is used, often even payback, the duration, until the appointed Capital has flowed back, both are not un-problematic. If we take as the annuity value for comparison, it prevails, depending on the interest factor suddenly less attractive alternative. The most common error: The inflation increases every year-Lich, the expected revenue. This is summed up everything and then later discounted. Incorrect: inflation eg 3% pa, then the Euro in 25 years only worth half. But you can not charge good money to bad! In fact the English IPC is above the HCPI, so that in the inflation actually (however small) profit reserves.

to English "inflation"
The huge advantage English Verguetungsregelung is an adaptation of the electricity tariff to the "inflation" = IPC. The IPA is the English consumer price index. This is calculated according to English laws / rules. Although he is also a Lapeyeres - Index - only the composition of the basket, the collection method is different from the Germans and therefore falls somewhat higher. The price, the statistical level (COICOP) is under European level is also due to the fact that certain basic foodstuffs are taxed at the VAT rate to 0 and the lower consumption taxes on alcohol and cigarettes. Therefore, holds the "catch up" within limits. The issue of inflation is so important because it is solar - systems to capital-intensive Investitonen long "term" is. More:

is currently the English IPC with 4.9% still well above the European indices. The English industry price index is 9.7%. The extent of the "inflation" is like a win, sometimes left open, and in any case, there is a spnischer Photovoltaics - investor in the long run better than, say, a German operator.